Ethanol‐responsive characteristics of polyethersulfone composite membranes blended with poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) nanogels

Ethanol‐responsive smart membranes with different microstructures are prepared from blends of polyethersulfone (PES) and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanogels by immersion precipitation phase inversion method in a convenient and controllable manner. The introduction of PNIPAM nanogels forms the microporous structures on the surface of the top skin layer and on the pore walls of the finger‐like porous sublayer of membranes. The ethanol‐responsive characteristics of the proposed PES composite membranes are systematically investigated. With increasing ethanol concentration in the range from 0 to 15 wt %, the trans‐membrane flux of ethanol solution increases. The microstructures and the resultant ethanol‐responsive characteristics of the composite membranes can be regulated by the content of PNIPAM nanogels blended in the membranes. The more the content of PNIPAM nanogels blended in the membranes, the more the number of the submicron pores is, and thus the better the ethanol‐responsive characteristics of the composite membranes. The proposed ethanol‐responsive smart membranes are expected to be combined with the traditional pervaporation membranes as a smart vavle to achieve continuous and highly efficient ethanol production during the biological fermentation. The preparation technique and results in this study provide valuable guidance for further design and the industrial‐scale fabrication of novel composite membranes for application in ethanol separation systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41032.     

Enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of isoflavone by particle size reduction using a supercritical carbon dioxide-based precipitation process

Isoflavones are a group of small molecular compounds found in many plants. Genistein is the most well studied isoflavones because of its beneficial effects in reducing menopausal symptoms, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer. The major difficulty in developing isoflavone-based healthcare products is their low water solubility. In this study, the solubility and oral bioavailability of genistein were increased by reducing its particle size using supercritical CO₂ as an antisolvent in the precipitation process. The effects of various process parameters including type of solvent, pressure of precipitation, and concentration of genistein solution on particle formation were evaluated. We found that under optimized conditions: dissolving 4 mg/mL genistein in acetone and precipitating them with supercritical CO₂ under 100 bar at 40 °C, the size of genistein particles was reduced from its original width of 10–50 μm to ∼254 nm. The reduction of genistein particle size not only increased its water solubility by 2 fold but more importantly increased its 24 h-plasma concentration by 2.6 fold after orally administrated to rats. These results proof the concept of using supercritical CO₂ as an antisolvent in the precipitation process to reduce particle size of water insoluble compounds such as genistein and to improve its oral bioavailability.     

氧化铜沉淀法处理乙烯废碱液的研究

以氧化铜为沉淀剂处理乙烯废碱液,通过单因素实验,考察了沉淀法处理乙烯废碱液的反应时间、反应温度、沉淀剂投加量。沉淀法处理乙烯废碱液的最佳工艺条件:反应时间40 min、反应温度30℃、氧化铜投加量1.8 g。吸附法延续处理乙烯废碱液,乙烯废碱液中硫浓度由1113.25 mg/L降到1.98 mg/L,硫去除率达99.82%,COD浓度由800000 mg/L降到5600 mg/L,COD去除率达99.9%。     

兰炭废水中氨氮去除效果现场试验研究

采用氨氮吹脱—生物絮体吸附—混凝沉淀—改性兰炭吸附的组合工艺对兰炭废水中的氨氮去除效果进行了研究,并进行了现场试验。结果表明:在p H=11,温度35℃,气液比为6 000的条件下,氨氮的吹脱去除率为85%;投加活性污泥,控制废水MLSS为5 g/L,连续曝气12 h,控制聚合硫酸铁投加质量浓度为1.0~1.5 g/L,p H为6.5~7.5,氨氮去除率为80%;沉淀后出水用改性兰炭吸附,出水氨氮降至10~20 mg/L,氨氮去除率可达到99.5%。     

Ce_(0.7)Zr_(0.3)/γ-Al_2O_3纳米固溶体的制备及其结构

以氯氧化锆、硝酸铈、硝酸铝为原料,按n(Ce)∶n(Zr)=0.7∶0.3的比例,采用化学共沉淀法与有机物共沸蒸馏法,将CeO2、ZrO2分散到γ-Al2O3表面上使其形成Ce0.7Zr0.3O2/γ-Al23固溶体。用XRD考察纳米固溶体在不同温度下焙烧后的相结构。结果表明:Ce0.7Zr0.3O2/γ-Al2O3纳米固溶体为立方晶型,且随着焙烧温度的升高,样品的衍射峰依次变强,峰宽变窄。     

加料方式对Cu-Co合成低碳醇催化剂性能的影响

低碳醇在汽油添加剂或汽油替代品减少尾气排放等方面具有潜在用途,用煤和天然气经合成气合成低碳醇的Cu-Co催化剂在较为缓和条件下具有较高的催化活性和C₂+OH醇选择性。采用不同沉淀方法制备系列Cu-Co催化剂,通过XRD、XPS、TPR和BET考察加料方式对催化剂前驱体和催化剂性能的影响。在5.0 MPa、250 ℃和空速5 000 h^-1条件下,使用加压固定床反应器考察合成低碳醇活性。研究结果表明,加料方式对催化剂性能有较大影响,采用共沉淀法制备的催化剂颗粒中各组分以纳米大小均匀分布,C₂+OH醇选择性最高;采用正加法制备的催化剂活性和C₂+OH醇选择性最低,催化剂颗粒中活性组分的分布呈壳层分布,Co在颗粒的表面富集;采用并流法和反加法制备的催化剂的醇分布遵从ASF规则,其链增长因子为0.42。实验结果表明,当Cu和Co在催化剂颗粒中以原子尺度分布时,催化活性最好。     

工业氯化钡质量的快速测定

介绍利用硫酸银标准溶液滴定氯化钡溶液的快速测定工业氯化钡含量的新方法。     

微合金化技术开发800MPa级高韧直缝焊管钢

采用微合金化和热轧后超快冷等技术生产得到800 MPa级高韧直缝钢管钢,借助OM、SEM、TEM和室温拉伸等,研究了试验钢不同区域的组织与性能。研究表明,试验钢的热轧组织主要是粒状贝氏体+少量板条贝氏体;焊接热影响区粒状贝氏体体积分数减少到32.7%,板条贝氏体体积分数增加到30.5%,组织中出现针状铁素体和少量马氏体。试验钢热轧区主要以Ti为主进行复合微合金化,综合运用固溶强化、细晶强化、位错强化和析出强化,具有高的强韧性,屈服强度为804 MPa、抗拉强度为852 MPa、伸长率为21.5%。     

非等温蠕变时效对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响

研究了非等温蠕变时效处理中升温速率和峰值温度对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金回弹性能、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响。通过透射电镜分析了合金的析出行为和时效强化机理。结果表明：随着加热速率的降低和峰值温度的升高,合金的回弹率降低;晶内析出相的尺寸增大,而体积分数先增大后减小;晶界析出相逐渐变得不连续,无析出区扩大。经非等温蠕变时效（20℃/h,180℃）处理后的合金主要析出相为致密的η’相,晶界析出相不连续,无析出区的宽度约为44.2 nm。非等温蠕变时效（20℃/h,180℃）处理的合金力学性能和耐腐蚀性能均优于常见的等温蠕变时效（120℃,24 h）处理的合金,并且时效时间缩短了67%。     

无表面活性剂快速沉淀法制备盐酸吡格列酮微粉

本研究在不加入表面活性剂条件下采用快速沉淀法制备盐酸吡格列微粉,分别利用扫描电镜（ SEM ）、X射线衍射（ XRD）、红外光谱分析（ FT-IR）等分析方法对原药及产品的性质进行了表征。SEM分析表明,使用快速沉淀法制备的盐酸吡格列酮超微粉尺寸降低,粒度分布均匀,FT-IR、XRD分析表明,微粉化前后药物的化学结构并未发生改变,粒度明显减小,结晶度明显降低。